Publications and Abstract of Research

Animal Science Department (2017-2018)

List of 2017-2018 Publications and Abstract of Research from Animal Science Department

School of Agriculture and Agricultural Science

S/NAuthor's Name & year of publicationTitle of workAbstractJournal NameJournal Vol./Number
37Etuk, E. B., Anosike, C. A., Ifeduba, A. V., Etuk, I. F., Ekpo, J. S., Emenalom, O. O. and Ahiwe, E. U. (2016). Combinations of palm kernel cake, yam peels and plantain peels as an alternative energy source in finisher broiler diets Combinations of palm kernel cake, yam peels and plantain peels as an alternative energy source in finisher broiler diets Combinations of palm kernel cake (PKC), yam peels (YP) and plantain peels (PP) were evaluated as an alternative energy source in finisher broiler diets. Four experimental finisher broiler diets were formulated such that diet T1 (control) contained no PKC, YP and PP. Diets T2, T3 and T4 contained PKC, YP and PP combined in the ratios 1:2:1, 1:1:2 and 2:1:1 respectively, replacing 50% of the maize in the respective finisher broiler diets. These diets were randomly assigned to eighty-four, four weeks old unsexed Marshall Broilers in four groups of 21 birds each and 3 replicates of 7 birds respectively, for 28 days. Results obtained indicated that PKC contained higher crude protein and crude fibre (17.05 and 15.09%) and lower nitrogen-free extract (54.20%) than YP and PP. PP, however, recorded the highest value of nitrogen-free extract (70.30%), and lowest ether extract value (2.06%). Broilers fed diets T3 produced numerically higher but comparable (p>0.05) body weight gain (1341.50 vs 1551.40g) and feed conversion ratio (2.40 vs 2.41) to those on diet T1. Values for dressed carcass weights, thigh and back cuts produced by diet T3 were also comparable (p>0.05) to that of diet T1. Breast and wing yield of birds on diet T3 was nevertheless significantly (p<0.05) heavier than other groups. Diets T1 produced significantly heavier gizzard and liver than other groups while abdominal fat, heart and spleen weights produced by birds on diet T1 were comparable (p>0.05) to those on diet T3.Diet T2 produced the poorest performance in most of the parameters measured. Replacement of 50% maize in finisher broiler diets with 1:1:2 combinations of PKC, YP and PP produced a 25.10% savings on feed cost per kg and 24.79% savings on feed cost per kg body weight gain. Keywords: Performance; broiler finisher; Alternative energy Nigerian Journal of Animal Science (NJAS).Published by: Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN) 18 (2): 390 -400
38Etuk, E.B., Ugwu, C.C., Okeudo,.N .J., Esonu, B. O., Udedibie, A.B. I. (2015) Haematology and Serum Chemistry of Local Grower Turkeys Fed Diets Containing Samsorg17 and ICSV400 Varieties of Sorghum. Turkeys are of considerable economic and social significance to the traditional life of Nigerians but its production has been hampered by the high cost of feedstuff. This study was carried out to determine the haematological parameters and serum chemistry of local grower turkeys fed Samsorg 17 and ICSV 400 sorghum varieties as replacement for higher cost maize in their diet. One hundred six weeks old grower turkeys were divided into nine groups of three replicates each on sex and weight equalization basis. The groups were randomly assigned to nine experimental turkey grower diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement level of maize with each of samsorg17 and ICSV400 varieties of sorghum. The feeding trial lasted 42 days. Six turkeys were randomly selected on trial day 38, blood samples were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analysis. RBC, HB, WBC and PCV were determined while MCHC, MCH AND MCV were calculated using appropriate formulae. Serum protein (albumin and globulin), sugar, cholesterol, urea, minerals and enzymes were also determined. The result indicated that only WBC count was higher and the serum sugar and creatinine was lower than the normal range. The ALP level declined while SGPT increased with increasing dietary sorghum but SGOT followed no pattern. There was no observed adverse effect on the blood parameters of experimental grower turkeys fed these sorghum varieties and is therefore recommended as a replacement for maize in their diets. Keywords: Blood Chemistry, Haematology, Maize, Sorghum, Turkey Journal of World's Poultry Research.(JWPR)Published by: Scienceline Publication http://jwpr.science-line.com/ 5(1): 01-09.
39Ahiwe, E. U., Emenalom, O. O., Etuk, E. B., Okehie, N. U., Iwuji, T. C.and Odoemelam, V. U. (2015) Chemical composition and nutritional value of boiled Christmas bush fruit (Alchornea cordifoloia) meal fed to starter broiler chickens. A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and the nutritive value of boiled Christmas bush (Alchornea cordifolia) for starter broiler chickens. Dried Christmas bush fruits (Capsules + seed) were boiled for 30 minutes, sundried and ground into meal. The meal was analyzed for proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors and incorporated into broiler starter diet at 0%, 15%, 20% and 25% respectively. A total of 120 days old Marshall Strain broiler chicks were divided into 12 pens each containing 10 birds. Three pens were randomly assigned to each experimental diet. The boiled dried and ground Christmas bush (Alchornea cordifolia) fruit contained 19.9% crude protein and 4.7 mg/100 phytic acids which is an improvement when compared with raw Christmas bush fruits. Increase in inclusion level of boiled Christmas bush fruit in the diet caused a progressive reduction (p < 0.05) in final weight gain and feed intake of the birds. Birds on 15 and 20% BCBF had similar (p> 0.05) feed conversion ration ratio with birds on a control diet. The cost of feed per Kg weight gain and mortality were not significantly (p> 0.05) different for all the treatments. Apart from Haemoglobin and serum phosphate, all other serum biochemical indices checked were not statistically (p> 0.05) different among the treatment groups. It was concluded that boiling of Christmas bush fruits decreased the anti-nutritional factors and improved the nutritive value of the fruit but could not improve the performance of broiler starter chickens. Keywords: Broiler starter, Christmas bush, chemical composition, anti-nutritional factor Nigerian Journal of Animal Production(NJAP) 42(2): 80 – 87.
40Kubkomawa, I. H. Olawuye, H. U. Krumah, L. J., Etuk, E. B. and Okoli, I. C. (2015) Nutrient requirements and feed resource availability for pastoral cattle in the tropical Africa: A review The objective of this paper is to review the nutrient requirements and feed resource availability for cattle in the tropical Africa Cattle require consistent source of protein, energy, minerals, vitamins and water to maintain productivity and health. The nutrient requirements of cattle can be broken down into maintenance, lactation, growth and reproduction requirements. Forages have the ability to supply all the energy needed to maintain highly-productive cattle throughout the growing season, but only managed intensively. The legume-grass pasture will easily have protein content greater than 18% during the vegetative stage, as plants mature, the nutrient values lower. Cattle require 3 to 30 gallons of water per day, at the rate of one gallon of water per 45kg bodyweight during wet season and to gallons of water per 45kg bodyweight during hot weather supplementation of low-quality roughage is done by feeding limiting nutrients in the form of concentrates (energy and protein), minerals, non-protein nitrogenous (NPN) substances (urea and poultry litter) or green forages. However, in Nigeria, forage quality and availability vary greatly from season to season which, however, affect the output of the animals. The nutritive value of pastures fall rapidly with maturity and, during the dry season, the available feed is lignified. Likewise, protein, vitamins and mineral elements are limited in grassland pastures during the dry season. Crop residues, by-products and browse plants remained the most outstanding feed supplements for cattle and other livestock in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research (JACR)Published by Science web Publishing Burntwood WS7, United Kingdom and Abuja, Nigeria 3(7): 100-116.
41I.H. Kubkomawa, L.J. Krumah, E.B. Etuk and I.C. Okoli (2015) Current pastoral cattle production situation in West Africa: A review Recently, tensions between Nigeria's pastoralist Fulani and settled indigenous farmers have intensified, with dwindling natural resources and land availability greatly contributing to the ongoing, escalating conflict in the northern part of the country. The objective of this paper is to review the current pastoral cattle production situation in West Africa. Currently, cattle production in Nigeria lends itself to small, medium and large (industrial) production. Families employ various but largely extensive management systems to take advantage of common village resources to produce cattle. Nigeria's Fulani pastoralists are thought to number around 12 million, accounting for a quarter of sub-Saharan Africa's 50 million pastoralist people. The pastoralism, despite its dominance in the northern region, the traditional pattern of transhumance has been affected in recent years by a number of factors such as the drought in the Sahel and the increased arable farming in the semi-arid and sub-humid zones. These factors are responsible for the continued displacement of pastorals out of their traditional territories in the drier northern areas to the sub-humid and humid zones where they now exploit pasture, water and crop residues. The cattle industry provides a means of livelihood for a significant proportion of pastoral households and participates in the cattle value chain in the sub-humid and semi-arid ecological zones of Nigeria. Cattle singly contribute about 12.7% of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria. Although there are many sources of animal protein in Nigeria, several studies have shown that cattle and their products are the predominant and the most commonly consumed animal protein sources. Thus, cattle are highly valued livestock in Nigeria and are kept for beef, hide, milk or for traction. Among pastoralists, however, cattle are kept as a status symbol and cultural medium, while in other cultures it also, plays a major role in marriages, weddings, sacrifices, and funerals. From the foregoing, it is obvious why cattle production and marketing are notable employment and income-generating livelihood activities for many Nigerians. Over time, seasonal transhumance is gradually disappearing giving way to the process of sedentarization. The urgent requirement to engage with, rather than isolate, Nigeria's pastoralists from various socioeconomic and environmental management strategies is, therefore, fundamental to peace and agricultural productivity in West Africa. Dynamic Journal of Animal Science and Technology Available online at http://www.journaldynamics.org/djast. Article ID: DJAST15/013 1(1): 1-17
42Ezea, J., Iwuji, T. C. and Oguike, M. A. (2015) Lactogenic and reproductive potentials of Spreading day flower (Commelina diffusa Burm. F) and Rock fig (Ficus ingens Miq.) in rabbit does. Lactogenic and reproductive potentialities of Commelina diffusa and Ficus ingens were studied using twenty-four (24) nulliparous New Zealand White does. The does were mated to mature bucks, and divided into four (4) treatment groups of six per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times, two does constitute a replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment one (T1) (control) was concentrated diet, treatment two (T2) comprised of Commelina diffusa (leaves and stems), treatment three (T3) was made up of Ficus ingens(leaves), while mixed forages (Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Tridax procumbens, Panicum maximum and Gomphrena spp.) constituted T4. Within the four weeks lactation period, weekly milk yield (kg) of the does were significantly (P<0.05) different during the second and third week of lactation. In the second week, does on T4 (1.63 kg) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher values than does on T2 (1.05 kg) and T3 (0.93 kg), which were similar (P>0.05). Does on T1 (1.28 kg) recorded similar (P>0.05) values to T2, T3, and T4. In the third week, T1 (1.52 kg) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T4 (0.93 kg), but similar (P>0.05) to T2 (1.28 kg) and T3 (1.40 kg); and T2 and T3 were similar (P>0.05) to T4. Total milk yield (kg) (1 – 28 days) during the period of lactation recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher value in does on T1 (4.67 kg) than does on T3 (3.64 kg), but similar (P>0.05) to T2 (4.08 kg) and T4 (4.20 kg); and T3 was similar (P>0.05) to T2 and T4. Comparison of peak, total and average daily milk yield of the rabbit does, shows that Commelina diffusa effected lesser peak milk yield, but a higher total and average daily milk yield than Ficus ingens. Mean litter weights (g) of kits of does on T1 (201.40 g) and T2 (207.14 g) were similar (P>0.05), but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of T3 (177.74 g); and T4 (196.43 g) similar (P>0.05) to T1, T2, and T3. This study demonstrates that Commelina diffusa and Ficus ingens, despite being fed as single forages, had an appreciable impact on milk yield and reproductive performance component (litter weight gain). They are therefore recommended for inclusion in forage combinations for feeding rabbits. Keywords: Lactogenic, reproductive, spreading day flower, rock fig, rabbits. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research. Vol. 3 (2): 590 – 597
43Iwuji, T. C., Ukwuoma, M. C., Ogbuewu, I. P., Etuk, I. F., Ahaiwe, E. U., Egenuka, F. C. and Okere, P. C. (2016). Evaluation of growth performance, carcass and organ weights of broiler finisher birds administered aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds. A total of one hundred and thirty-five broiler finisher birds were used in this study which lasted for 28 days. The birds were randomly assigned to three experimental treatments; T1, T2 and T3, containing 0.0, 15.0 and 30.0 g/L of ground Garcinia kola seeds, respectively. Growth performance of the broiler finisher birds recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher final body weight in treated birds than control birds. Similar significant (P<0.05) trend was observed in total weight and daily weight gains. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treated birds than control birds. Carcass parameters and internal organ weights of the birds recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher carcass yield in T2 (89.39 %) and T3 (89.68 %) than in T1 (85.53 %). Percentage breast weight of the birds significantly (P<0.05) increased in a dose-dependent manner in the experimental birds (T1 = 18.30 %; T2 = 20.22 %; T3 = 35.12 %). Per cent thighs weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (30.97 %) than in T1 (18.59 %) and T3 (18.47 %), which were similar (P>0.05). Internal organs evaluation only recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher per cent weight in the gizzards of the birds on T1 (2.00 %) and T2 (1.90 %) than the birds on T3 (1.41 %). The results of this study show that, besides enhanced growth in broiler finisher birds, aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds can be used to alter the normal allometric or differential growth pattern in broiler finisher birds to stimulate significant weight increase in the breast and thigh muscles.Keywords: broiler finisher, growth, carcass and organs weights, Garcinia kola seed extracts Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Vol. 43 (1): 121 – 128.
44Iwuji, T. C., Obiejezie, N. R., Ogbuewu, I. P., Etuk, I. F., Ahiwe, E. U., Kadurumba, O. E. and Ezea, J. (2016). Reproductive and Haemato-Biochemical influence of aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves on adult New Zealand Rabbit Bucks. The difficulty in filling the niche in the animal protein need of ever-expanding populations of developing countries; and the advocacy for organic farming have diversified research into natural, unconventional and sustainable means to proffer solutions. This research lasted for four weeks and was carried out in the Rabbitry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Eighteen adults New Zealand rabbit bucks were grouped into three, containing six rabbits each; replicated three times to contain two rabbits per replicate. Three treatments; MT0 (0.0 g Moringa oleifera leaves extracts per litre of distilled water), MT100 (100.0 g Moringa oleifera leaves extracts per litre of distilled water) and MT200 (200.0 g Moringa oleifera leaves extracts per litre of distilled water) were randomly assigned and orally administered to the three rabbit groups. Semen volume, per cent abnormal sperm and reaction time of the experimental rabbits were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the MT100 and MT200 rabbits than in the MT0 (control) rabbits, while total sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm motility, per cent live sperm and libido score were significantly (P<0.05) higher in MT100 and MT200 rabbits than in MT0 rabbits. The haematological parameters of the experimental rabbits recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in MT200 than in MT0 and MT100, which were similar (P>0.05). Total white blood cell (WBC) count was similar (P>0.05) between MT100 and MT200, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than WBC count recorded for MT0. Rabbits on MT100 and MT200 recorded similar (P>0.05) values in the serum total protein (TP) and globulin, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the value recorded for MT0 rabbits. Serum urea and urea/creatinine ratio of the rabbits were similar (P>0.05) between MT0 and MT100, but significantly (P<0.05) higher in MT200; while serum glucose and cholesterol recorded a dose-dependent significant (P<0.05) inverse decrease in the experimental rabbits. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves can be used in rabbit production to enhance immunity, serum protein synthesis and reproductive performance of New Zealand rabbit bucks. Keywords: Immunity, libido, semen parameters, serum protein synthesis. International Journal of Life Sciences and Technology. Vol. 9 (9): 74 – 80.
45Ezeokeke, C.T.; Adeyemo, O.A.; Amachi, S.; Uchegbu, M.C.; Alor, T.E.; Durunna, C.S. and Mgberem, E.; (2010). Growth performance and egg quality of layers fed graded levels of palm oil.. Test diets (2-5) for layers were prepared using graded levels of 5,8,10 and 12% levels of inclusion of palm oil supplemented with 0.11, 0.17, 0.22 and 0.27g respectively, of vitamin E/kg of feed. The control diet for the layers had no palm oil and vitamin E inclusions. The experimental diets were used to feed 75 Nerabrown layers that were 24wks old. The birds were distributed to the diets using a completely randomized design. There were five treatments and each treatment had three replicates of live birds per replicate. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Results of the experiment showed that the average body weight significantly increased (P<0.05) for the birds on the test diets (2-5) than those on the control diet, birds on diet 2 (1.91kg) weighed the heaviest. For the egg equality parameters, average of egg weight, hen day egg production, albumen height, albumen width and index, shell thickness, yolk height varied significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments in many yardsticks the graded levels of palm oil inclusion supplemented with vitamin E enhanced performance and egg quality of layers. Keywords: Egg quality, layers, palm oil, vitamin E, supplementation, performance Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 37(2):184-189. ISSN 0331-2064
46Obikaonu, H.O.; Okereke, C.A.; Ezeokeke, C.T. and Udedibie, A.B.I. dried cassava peels meals on the performance of finisher broilers. Animal production Research A 28-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) on the performance of finisher broilers. Three treatment diets were formulated such that 50% of the maize in diet 1 (control) was replaced in diet 2 with ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and in diet 3 with sun-dried cassava peel SCPM diet recorded significantly (P>0.05) depresses body weight. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the control birds and bids fed the ECPM diet in terms of body weight gain and growth rate. The feed conversion ratio of the groups followed a similar trend. There was a however significant difference (P<0.05) between the average feed intake of the control birds and those on sun-dried cassava peel meal. Cost of feed was reduced by about 20% by replacing 50% of the maize in the control diet with either ECPM or SCPM in the finisher diets Animal production Research Advances 14: 291-295 ISSN 0794-4721.
46Obikaonu, H.O.; Okereke, C.A.; Ezeokeke, C.T. and Udedibie, A.B.I. dried cassava peels meals on the performance of finisher broilers. Animal production Research A 28-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) on the performance of finisher broilers. Three treatment diets were formulated such that 50% of the maize in diet 1 (control) was replaced in diet 2 with ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and in diet 3 with sun-dried cassava peel SCPM diet recorded significantly (P>0.05) depresses body weight. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the control birds and bids fed the ECPM diet in terms of body weight gain and growth rate. The feed conversion ratio of the groups followed a similar trend. There was a however significant difference (P<0.05) between the average feed intake of the control birds and those on sun-dried cassava peel meal. Cost of feed was reduced by about 20% by replacing 50% of the maize in the control diet with either ECPM or SCPM in the finisher diets Animal production Research Advances 14: 291-295 ISSN 0794-4721.
46Obikaonu, H.O.; Okereke, C.A.; Ezeokeke, C.T. and Udedibie, A.B.I. dried cassava peels meals on the performance of finisher broilers. Animal production Research A 28-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) on the performance of finisher broilers. Three treatment diets were formulated such that 50% of the maize in diet 1 (control) was replaced in diet 2 with ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and in diet 3 with sun-dried cassava peel SCPM diet recorded significantly (P>0.05) depresses body weight. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the control birds and bids fed the ECPM diet in terms of body weight gain and growth rate. The feed conversion ratio of the groups followed a similar trend. There was a however significant difference (P<0.05) between the average feed intake of the control birds and those on sun-dried cassava peel meal. Cost of feed was reduced by about 20% by replacing 50% of the maize in the control diet with either ECPM or SCPM in the finisher diets Animal production Research Advances 14: 291-295 ISSN 0794-4721.
46Obikaonu, H.O.; Okereke, C.A.; Ezeokeke, C.T. and Udedibie, A.B.I. dried cassava peels meals on the performance of finisher broilers. Animal production Research A 28-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) on the performance of finisher broilers. Three treatment diets were formulated such that 50% of the maize in diet 1 (control) was replaced in diet 2 with ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and in diet 3 with sun-dried cassava peel SCPM diet recorded significantly (P>0.05) depresses body weight. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the control birds and bids fed the ECPM diet in terms of body weight gain and growth rate. The feed conversion ratio of the groups followed a similar trend. There was a however significant difference (P<0.05) between the average feed intake of the control birds and those on sun-dried cassava peel meal. Cost of feed was reduced by about 20% by replacing 50% of the maize in the control diet with either ECPM or SCPM in the finisher diets Animal production Research Advances 14: 291-295 ISSN 0794-4721.
46Obikaonu, H.O.; Okereke, C.A.; Ezeokeke, C.T. and Udedibie, A.B.I. dried cassava peels meals on the performance of finisher broilers. Animal production Research A 28-days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) on the performance of finisher broilers. Three treatment diets were formulated such that 50% of the maize in diet 1 (control) was replaced in diet 2 with ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM) and in diet 3 with sun-dried cassava peel SCPM diet recorded significantly (P>0.05) depresses body weight. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between the control birds and bids fed the ECPM diet in terms of body weight gain and growth rate. The feed conversion ratio of the groups followed a similar trend. There was a however significant difference (P<0.05) between the average feed intake of the control birds and those on sun-dried cassava peel meal. Cost of feed was reduced by about 20% by replacing 50% of the maize in the control diet with either ECPM or SCPM in the finisher diets Animal production Research Advances 14: 291-295 ISSN 0794-4721.
47Ezeokeke, C.T.; Anyanwu, N.J. and Okoro, V.M.O. Impact of fadama 11 projects on feed, food and poverty in Imo State Nigeria. ‘Fadama Project’ is a World Bank assisted programme at the grassroots in Nigeria with the university as one of the collaborators. The bulk of the fund came from the World Bank while the Federal government secured the loan and state-paid counterpart fund and local government paid a token for their benefiting community. The community assessed the loan as cooperatives. Money invested is expected to bring a return to investment after a gestation period. Disbursement was in stages tied to payment of counterpart fund, physical structures constructed and an audited account of the previous amount extended. Irrigation ensured pasture and farming all year round which provided food (man), feed (animal) and raw materials (industries). The programme created employment and reduced poverty. Storage facilities (silos) and cold rooms were constructed by communities. The projects were owned and managed by the participating communities giving room for sustainability. New and modern farming techniques passed down were accepted. In the past, this failed because the farmer was not involved from the onset. The farmer due to lack of capital and reluctant to accept new ideas for enhanced production had remained on subsistence. Keywords: Fund, food, feed, poverty reduction and employment. International Journal of Applied Sociology, 2(3):22-24 1. ISSN 2169-9704.
48Okoro, V.M.O.; Ejiogu, G.E.; Okoli, I.C.; Anyanwu, G.A,; Ezeokeke, C.T.; and Okoro, C.I. (2012). Biometric measurements of body and internal organ traits of indigenous chickens on free range in south Eastern, Nigeria. A biometric study of the body conformation and internal organs of the indigenous chickens of free ranges in rural areas of Imo State in South-Eastern Nigeria was conducted using 5 local government areas. It was observed that the predominant plumage colours were black (51.25%) and brown (36.25%) for the hens while the cocks were predominantly black (30.36%) and red (25.01%). The dressed colour of the birds was majorly yellow and while comprising of (70.68%) and (29.32%) for the hens and (77.75%) and (22.25%) for the cocks, respectively. Shank colour was black (95.4%) and white (4.65%) for the hens. While the cocks were (54.24%) black and (46.76%) white respectively. The mean shank length, neck length and back length of 6.725±0.30 cm 11.11±0.20cm and 17.77±0.29 cm were estimated for the hens, while the cocks had mean shank length, neck length and back length of 7.79±0.13cm, 11.35±0.30 cm and 18.29±0.44 cm, respectively. The mean body weights of the hens and cocks were 868.48±21.18g, and 1032±57.84g, respectively with cocks being significantly (P<0.05)higher in body weight and back length than hens. The mean biometric and internal organ measures of chickens per local Government Area (LGA) were also investigated with no significant (P>0.05) differences among chickens in the five LGAsexcept for the weight of proventriculus and full intestine. Regression equations for the prediction of body weight using the biometric and internal organ measurements were obtained under two functional forms (linear and semi-log) which showed a weak coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 7.5 to 24.3% for biometric measurements, and a strong coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 21.4 to 98.89% for internal organs. There was no significant correlation (r) shown between internal organs and body weight. Therefore, indigenous chickens of South-Eastern Nigeria exhibit wide variability among phenotypes in terms of physical appearance, biometric measurement and internal organ characteristics. More so, the internal organs can be predicted more effectively than biometric measurements by the body weight, using regression models of the two functional forms; and significant indirect selection can be made to improve internal organs like gizzard weight using the bodyweight, due to significant correlation coefficient established. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Vol. 39 (11) pp 14-23 pp 14-23. ISSN 0331-2064.
49Okoro, V.M.O.; Ejiogu, G.E.; Okoli, I.C.; Anyanwu, G.A,; Ezeokeke, C.T.; and Okoro, C.I. (2012). Biometric measurements of body and internal organ traits of indigenous chickens on free range in south Eastern, Nigeria. A biometric study of the body conformation and internal organs of the indigenous chickens of free ranges in rural areas of Imo State in South-Eastern Nigeria was conducted using 5 local government areas. It was observed that the predominant plumage colours were black (51.25%) and brown (36.25%) for the hens while the cocks were predominantly black (30.36%) and red (25.01%). The dressed colour of the birds was majorly yellow and while comprising of (70.68%) and (29.32%) for the hens and (77.75%) and (22.25%) for the cocks, respectively. Shank colour was black (95.4%) and white (4.65%) for the hens. While the cocks were (54.24%) black and (46.76%) white respectively. The mean shank length, neck length and back length of 6.725±0.30 cm 11.11±0.20cm and 17.77±0.29 cm were estimated for the hens, while the cocks had mean shank length, neck length and back length of 7.79±0.13cm, 11.35±0.30 cm and 18.29±0.44 cm, respectively. The mean body weights of the hens and cocks were 868.48±21.18g, and 1032±57.84g, respectively with cocks being significantly (P<0.05)higher in body weight and back length than hens. The mean biometric and internal organ measures of chickens per local Government Area (LGA) were also investigated with no significant (P>0.05) differences among chickens in the five LGAsexcept for the weight of proventriculus and full intestine. Regression equations for the prediction of body weight using the biometric and internal organ measurements were obtained under two functional forms (linear and semi-log) which showed a weak coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 7.5 to 24.3% for biometric measurements, and a strong coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 21.4 to 98.89% for internal organs. There was no significant correlation (r) shown between internal organs and body weight. Therefore, indigenous chickens of South-Eastern Nigeria exhibit wide variability among phenotypes in terms of physical appearance, biometric measurement and internal organ characteristics. More so, the internal organs can be predicted more effectively than biometric measurements by the body weight, using regression models of the two functional forms; and significant indirect selection can be made to improve internal organs like gizzard weight using the bodyweight, due to significant correlation coefficient established. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Vol. 39 (11) pp 14-23 pp 14-23. ISSN 0331-2064.
50Okoro, V.M.O.; Ogundu, U.E.; Ezeokeke, C.T.; Anyanwu, G.A.; Okoro, C.I. and Ukwu, J.O. (2012) Genetic variations in local ecotype turkeys and effect of genotype, sex and hatch batch on growth-related measurement in live birds. Three locally adapter ecotype parental turkey lines comprising of Black (B), Bronze (Br) and white (W) plumage colored genotype were used as experimental lines with each line comprising of 7 males and 15 females and 15 females. A total of 228 poults generated from the crossing of the parental genotype lines were used for this study. The effects of genotype sex, hatch batch and genotype x sex interaction were tested on bodyweight, breast width, drumstick length, body length, shank length and keel length at 4.8 and 12 weeks of age. There was no significant (P<0.05) hatch batch effect as well as genotype by sex interaction effect on all traits measured. There was a significant genotype effect on body weight at 8 and 12 weeks with W lines expressing higher bodyweight followed by Br and B and Br lines respectively. Body length and breast width also had significant genotype effect at 8 and 12 weeks with W and Br lines exhibiting higher body length and breast and width than B lines. Keel length was significantly higher in W lines at 8 weeks while there was no significant genotype effect at 4 and 12 weeks. However, drumstick length showed significant genotype effect with Br lines having higher drumstick length than W and B lines at 8 and 12 weeks. In addition, shank length was significantly higher in B and Br lines that in W lines. Moreover, there was no significant genotype effect at 4 weeks across all traits. In addition, there was a significant sex effect with the males being significantly higher than females in all the traits measured at 4,8 and 12 weeks of age. Keywords: Ecotype, turkey, genotype, plumage colour, cross. International Journal of Biosciences. Vol. 2 no. 11 pp. 109-116 ISSN 2220-6655.
51Ezeokeke, C.T. (2013). Performance of local fowls fed plantain peels meal Experiment was carried out to determine performance of day-old local fowls, fed supplemented plantain peels, meal (PPM). The birds were arranged in completely randomized design having six birds per replicate and two treatments comprising one test diet and one control diet. At the starter phase, all the parameters (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) measured were not significant (P<0.05). The birds on the test diet had average initial weight, 42.00g while that of the control had average weight, 43.75g and at 5 weeks of age average weight of 133.30g and 134.54g (p>0.5), respectively. At the finisher phase, all the parameters measured were not significant (p>0.05). The prices per kg of feed for the test and control diets were N93.05 and N95.05, respectively. Therefore, PPM inclusion fed early stage of life of the birds' enhanced performance at a lower cost. Keywords: Performance, local fowls, plantain peels meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Vol. 40 pp 79-82 ISSN 0331-2064.
52Ogbuewu, I.P.; Jiwuba, P.D.; Ezeokeke, C.T.; Uchegbu, M.C.; Okoli, I.C. and Iloeje, M.U. (2013). Evaluation of phytochemical and nutritional composition of ginger rhizome powder The phytochemical and nutritional compositions of ginger rhizome powder (GRP) was evaluated. Fresh ginger rhizomes were procured, processed and analyzed in triplicate for their proximate, amino acid, mineral and phytochemical content. Data obtained were subjected to simple descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). Phytochemicalresultsrevealed that GRP was relatively high in saponin(4.01g/100g)and cyanogenic glycoside (2.81 mg HCN), but low in phytic(0.28g/100g),tannin(0.02mg/100g) and oxalate(0.26g/100g). Proximate biochemicalresultsrevealed the presence of crude fibre (10.36%), ash (6.57%), ether extract (6.48%), nitrogen-free extract (64.82%)and crude protein (5.45%). Results also showed that GRP was low in both essential and non-essential amino acid groups with the total amino acid value of 25.61 g/100g. The predominant mineral elements were zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The mineral values follow the order of Na (38.96 μg/g)> K(36.34 μg/g)>Ca (34.55 μg/g) > P (26.70μg/g)>Mn(18.90 μg/g) > Zn (4.19 μg /g) > Fe (1.59 μg/g) > Cu(0.86 μg/g). The results revealed that ginger rhizome powder contains a moderate level of pharmacologically active compounds as well as feed nutrients and therefore, can be incorporated into monogastric feeding systems as a feed additive. Keywords: Nutrients, phytochemistry, ginger rhizome Int. Jnl of Agric. and Rural Dev. 17(1):1663-1670 ISSN 1595-9716.
53Ezeokeke, C. T.; Anyanwu, B.A. and Durunna, C.S. (2014 Effect of palm oil treated with vitamin E in a diet for broilers. A sixty-three-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of 12% inclusion level of palm oil treated with 0.13g of vitamin E/g of feed for forty-eight day old Anak broiler chicks at starter and finisher phases. The diets each were formulated at the starter and finisher phases such that one diet (control) is without palm oil and vitamin E while another (test) had palm oil and vitamin E. The birds were distributed using a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 24 birds divided into 3 replicates. Energy and protein levels of the diet at the starter phase were 0.68MJ ME/kg and 23% crude protein (CP). At the finisher phase, energy and protein levels 0.71MJ ME/kg and 19.50% CP, respectively. The results of the experiment showed that average body weight (ABW) for birds in the test diet at the starter phase increased and was significantly (p<0.05) different. Also averages of feed intake (AFI) and body weight gain (ABG) were significant (p<0.05) and higher than that of the birds on a control diet. Averages of efficiency of feed utilization (EFU) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) for body maintenance had numerical increases but were not significant. At the finisher phase, ABW, AFI and ABG were significant, (p<0.05) increased for birds on the test diet while EFU and MEI had numerical increases and were not significant. The carcass analysis revealed that the average weights of the gizzard, intestine, wing, kidney, heart, proventriculus, breast, drum stick, thigh, plucked, eviscerated and live were significantly (p<0.05) increased of the birds on the test diet. Parts of the neck and lung were significantly (p<0.05) different for birds on the control and higher than those on the test diet. The results of the experiment showed that birds on the test diets performed better than those on the control. Therefore the test diets performed better than those on the control. Therefore the test diets enhanced growth of the broilers at starter and finisher phases, respectively. Keywords: Palm oil, vitamin E, performance, broiler Int’l Journal of Agric. and Rural Dev. Volume 17(3):1959- 12962. ISDN 1595-9716.
54Ogbuewu, I.P.; Iwuji, T.C.; Etuk, I.F.; Ezeokeke, C.T.; Okoli, I.C. and Iloeje, M.U. (2014) Responses of pubertal rabbits to dietary supplementation of ginger (Zingiber Officinale rocs) rhizome powder Seventy-two (72) sexed crossbred rabbits aged 6 months were used to determine the effect of ginger rhizome powder (GRP) supplementation on reproductive organ and serum sex hormonal characteristics of pubertal rabbits. The experimental rabbits were divided into 2 treatment groups comprising 36 males and 36 females. Each group was divided into 4 dietary treatments (BT1, BT2, BT3 and BT4) of 9 animals and replicated thrice with 3 animals per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The animals were fed a formulated diet containing 2900 Kcal MEkg-1 and 18% crude protein supplemented with GRP at the rate of 0, 5,10 and 15 g kg-1 feed respectively. Rabbits in each dietary group were fed 50gms of Guinea grass leaf meal containing 27.6%CF (dry matter basis) occasionally as additional fibre sources. Feed and water were offered ad libitum and the study lasted for 10 weeks. Testosterone values of BT2 (5.83 ngml-1) and BT4 (6.28 ng Ml-1) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels of BT3 (1.15mIUml-1) were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by then the BT1 bucks. For the females, FSH and LH values ranged significantly (P<0.05) from 0.90 to 05 mIUml-1 respectively. The 17β – estradiol and progesterone levels also ranged significantly (P<0.05) from 166.35 to 175.05 pgml-1 and 15.45 to 16.80 ng mL-1 respectively. Ovarian weight of rabbit on BT3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those on BT1 but similar to those on BT2 and BT4 treatments. It was therefore concluded that the use of ginger rhizome powder in rabbit diets improved the weight of the ovary as well as enhanced serum progesterone, estrogen and testosterone levels. Keywords: Ginger, rabbits, ovary, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Volume 41 (2):53-60. ISSN 0331-2064
55Uwaeziozi, U. C and Emenalom O.O 2018 Effect of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) on heat stress reduction of broiler chicken fed high energy diet Effect of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) administration on broiler chicken fed high energy diet was investigated in an experiment with 48 broiler birds within the last 4 weeks of the experiment. The study which lasted for 8weeks commenced with day-old chicks and were fed commercial starter feed for the first 4weeks after which three different experimental diets were formulated.. Birds were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups, each treatment consisting of 16 birds with 4 replicates of 4 birds per replicate. Treatments groups are the control (T1) energy diet of 2900kcal, (T2) energy diet of 3300kcal and (T3) energy diet of 3300kcal with the addition of NaHCO3. At 5 weeks, the haematological mean values across the treatment group showed the RBC(x1012/l) of diet 3(2.71) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Diet 1(2.12) and Diet 2(2.55). MCV(μ3) results were significantly different from each other with Diet 1 having the highest value. MCHC (%) of Diet 1 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other groups. WBC (x106/l) of Diet 2 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other treatment groups. At 6 weeks MCV(μ3), MCH(μμg) and MCHC (%) of Diet 3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to the other diet groups. WBC (x106/l) of Diet 2 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than other groups. At 8 weeks PCV (%), haemoglobin (g/dl), heterophils (%) and eosinophils (%) of Diet 3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to the results of the other treatment groups. WBC(x106/l) was highest in Diet 1(29.90). At 8 weeks, mean values of organ weight(g) and crop Ph revealed that the weight of the Adrenal gland and liver were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Diet 1 compared to other groups while the weight of the heart was significantly (p<0.05) higher in both Diets 1 and 2 compared to those fed Diet 3. Crop Ph was higher (6.72) in Diet 3 compared to Diet 1 (6.15) and Diet 2 (6.36) both of which were not significantly different from each other. The results of the performance values at 8 weeks showed that live weight (kg) and dressed weight (kg) across the treatment groups were not significantly different but abdominal fat (g) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Diet 1(38.18) compared to diet 2 (30.74) and Diet 3 (31.20). In conclusion, an increase in feed energy plus the inclusion of NaHCO3 in the diet influenced crop pH, PCV RBC and WBC values. Keywords: Broiler; sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3); heat stress; Diet. International Journal of BioSciences and Technology Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s): 36 – 45
56Esonu, B.O., Obionwu, D.C, Emenalom, O.O., Eze, B. and Adebanjo, A.S. 2017 Comparative evaluation of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on performance of finisher broiler chickens This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on the performance of finisher broiler chickens in a complete randomized design. Turmeric rhizome was divided into two batches of 25kg each. The first batch was crushed, sundried for 3 days. The second batch was cooked for an hour, crushed and sundried for 3 days. Both raw and cooked sun-dried turmeric rhizomes were ground in a hammer mill to produce raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal. Seven broiler finisher diets were formulated to contain raw or cooked rhizome meal at 0%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% levels respectively. The diets were offered to 189 Cobb broilers which were randomly divided into 7 dietary treatment groups, each containing 3 replicates of 9 birds per replicate. The experiment lasted 21 days. Routine management practices were observed. Weight gain, feed intake, mortality, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, liver, heart, gizzard and kidney weights were used as criteria of response. The results indicated that turmeric rhizome meal has non-significant (p>0.05) effect on weight gain, feed intake, mortality and feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, carcass and organ weights compared with the common control. The different processing methods had no effect on broiler performance based on the results obtained in this study and within the circumstances of the experiments. It is concluded that sundried raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal did not significantly affect broiler performance. Keywords: raw turmeric rhizome meal, broiler chicks, processing method, growth performance, carcass analysis. FUTO Journal Series (FUTOJNLS) Vol 3, Issue 2, pp 1-8
57Ekpo, J. S., Okeudo, N. J., Etuk, E. B. 2018 Influence of sex and dietary bitter leaf meal on performance and haematological indices of rabbits ABSTRACT: A study was concluded to evaluate effects of bitter leaf meal (BLM) in rabbits dies. The diets were formulated such that BLM was included in the diet at 0.00, 7.50 and 15.00% levels. Thirty-six crossbreed (Dutchx Chinchilla) weaned rabbits were divided into three groups of twelve rabbits. Each group replicated thrice were randomly allotted to three formulated diets. Results obtained indicated that expect at 15% dietary level, BLM increased feed intake (p‹‹0.05) with live weight gain. Similarly, haemoglobin packed cell volume, mean, cell haemoglobin and mean cell volume increased with increased in BLM.Feed conversion ratio differs only at the 15% level. Cost of production reduced as the level of BLM increased. Diets by sex interaction indicated better (P‹0.05) GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN MALE RABBITS THAN FEMALE COUNTERPARTS. The results, therefore, revealed that bitter leaf meal in rabbit diets could enhance performance particularly feeding take and reduce the cost of production. Keywords: Bitter leaf, Hematology, Performance, Rabbit, SEX. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 1(1): 141 – 150.
58Obasi, I. U., Obasi, E. N., Ezeokeke, C. T. and Etuk, E. B. 2018 Physico-chemical composition of feed grade cassava peel meal fermented with different levels of baker’s yeast. This study was conducted to determine the Physico-chemical composition of cassava peel meal fermented with varying levels of baker’s yeast. Fresh cassava peels (CPM) were milled and divided into four groups and each group was randomly assigned to Angel baker’s yeast at 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, respectively. Each group (T0.00%, T0.20%, T0.40% and T0.60%) was further divided into four subgroups and each subgroup again randomly assigned to 0hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours fermentation duration respectively in 4x4 factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The treated CPM samples were thereafter sundried, analysed for proximate and gross energy composition as well as Bulk density (BD) and water holding capacity (WHC). Results from this study indicated a significant (p<0.05) increase in crude protein (CP) content of CPM with increasing levels of yeast with T0.60% yeast level recording significantly (< 0.05) higher value (13.50%) than T0.00% (6.59%). The crude fibre content of cassava peel meal (CPM) treated with different levels of baker’s yeast showed no significant (p>0.05) difference. Ether Extract (EE) decreased with increasing levels of baker’s yeast from T0.20%). No discernible trend was recorded in the ash content of CPM at different levels of baker’s yeast, though the control (T0.00%) recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher ash value (11.38%) than T0.20% and T0.60%. Baker’s yeast levels effect showed a consistent decline in NFE values with increasing levels of baker’s yeast, values for T0.00% and T0.20% were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those for T0.40% and T0.60%. Bulk density increased with the level of baker’s yeast and duration of fermentation achieving a peak value (0.38g/cm3) at T0.60%. Water holding capacity conversely reduced with increasing duration and fermentation with the highest value (1.65g water/ g feed) The baker’s yeast level effect showed increased gross energy with increasing levels of baker’s yeast. Key Words: Cassava peels, fermentation, baker’s yeast, duration, levels. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45(3): 144 -154
59Aladi, N. O., Chukwukaelo, A. A., Okeudo, N. J., Ogbuewu, I. P., Ugwu, C. C., Etuk, E. B. and Okoli, I. C. 2017 Blood chemistry, haematology and ileal bacterial counts of broilers fed a fermented mixture of cassava root meal and palm kernel cake. A study on blood chemistry, haematology and ileal bacterial count of broilers fed a fermented mixture of grated cassava tubers and palm kernel cake (FCP-mix) as a replacement for maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels of inclusion was undertaken. One hundred and eighty (180) 7-day-old broiler chickens were divided into six groups of 30 birds, and each group replicated thrice. Six experimental diets were formulated with diet 1 containing maize as the major energy source, while diet 6 containing fermented cassava root meal (CRM) and palm kernel cake (PKC) at the ratio of 1:1 as the main energy source. Diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained FCP-mix at 25, 50, 75 and 100% as replacement for maize. Diets 1 and 6 served as controls. Each group was assigned to one experimental diet in a completely randomized design. Blood samples for analysis and ileal bacterial count were obtained from each replicate, and data obtained were analysed statistically. Results show the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total red cell count (tRBC), mean cell volume (MCV) and platelets were not significantly affected by the inclusion of FCP-mix based diets, but there are significant variations in total white blood cell (tWBC), lymphocyte and heterophil count. Serum biochemistry data were not affected except for serum calcium, conjugated bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels that were significantly affected. Mean intestinal Escherichia coli count was reduced at 50 and 75% replacement of maize by FCP-mix whereas at 100% replacement level, salmonella counts decreased by 50%, and E. coli counts became negligible. It is, therefore, concluded that FCP-mix has some probiotic activity which can be used to enhance the performance of broilers and improve product quality. Keywords: Blood, Ileal bacterial, Cassava root meal, Palm kernel cake, Fermentation, Broilers Comparative Clinical Pathology. November 2017, Volume 26, Issue 6, pp 1273–1278 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2519-y.
60Obionwu, D. C., Esonu, B. O., Etuk, E. B., Adebanjo, A. S. and Eze, B. O. 2017 Evaluation of graded levels of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on performance of starter broiler chicks This study was designed to evaluate the effect of different levels of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on the performance of starter broiler chicks in a complete randomised design. Turmeric rhizome was washed with water and divided into two batches of 20kg each. The first batch was crushed, then sundried for 3 days. The second batch was cooked for an hour, crushed with a roller and sundried for 3 days. Both the raw and cooked sundried turmeric rhizomes were then ground using a hammer mill to produce raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal and were bagged respectively. Seven (7) broiler starter diets were formulated to contain raw or cooked turmeric rhizome meal at 0% (control diet), 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels, respectively. The diets were offered ad libitum to 189 Cobb broilers which were randomly divided into 7 dietary treatment groups, each containing 3 replicates of 9 birds per replicate. The experiment lasted 21 days. All the routine management practices were duly observed. Daily weight gain, daily feed intake, mortality and feed conversion ratio were used as criteria of response. The results indicated that the addition of turmeric rhizome meal had no significant (p>0.05) effect on daily weight gain, daily feed intake, mortality and feed conversion ratio as compared with the control. It was evident that the different processing methods and the dietary levels used had no effect on broiler performance based on the results obtained in this study and within the circumstances of the experiments. It can be concluded that sun-dried raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal at the dietary levels used did not significantly affect broiler starter performance. Keywords: Raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal, broiler chicks, performance. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production Volume 44, Number 3 pp. 202 -209

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